Author Archives: Stéphane Bastianetto

1. Bradycardia

   11 décembre 2022 18 h 56 min Leave a Comment

   Bradycardia is a condition where your heart beats too slowly. It may be caused by a problem with the electrical system of your heart, which controls how fast your heart beats. The electrical signals that control your heart rate travel through the heart’s conduction system. This system includes the sinoatrial node (SA node), the atrioventricular node (AV node), and the bundle of His.

   In bradycardia, the heart beats less than 60 times per minute.

   Bradycardia can be a serious problem if the heart does not pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body. For some people, however, bradycardia does not cause symptoms or complications. An implanted pacemaker can correct bradycardia and help the heart maintain a proper rhythm.

   Bradycardia symptoms

   With bradycardia, the brain and other organs might not get enough oxygen, which could cause these symptoms:

   • Fainting or fainting (syncope)
   • Dizziness or vertigo
   • Fatigue
   • Shortness of breath
   • chest pain
   • Confusion or memory problems

   A resting heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute is normal for some people, especially healthy young adults and trained athletes. For them, bradycardia is not considered a health problem.

   Case of sinus bradycardia

   Sinus bradycardia is a type of slow heartbeat that originates in the sinus node of your heart. The sinus node is considered the pacemaker of the heart. 

   Sinus bradycardia does not always indicate a medical condition. In some people, the heart can still pump blood efficiently with fewer beats per minute. For example, healthy young adults or endurance athletes can often have sinus bradycardia.

   It can also occur during sleep, especially when sleeping soundly. This is more common in older people.

   Sinus bradycardia can also occur with sinus arrhythmia. Sinus arrhythmia occurs when the rhythm between heartbeats is irregular. For example, a person with sinus arrhythmia may have a variation in heartbeat as they inhale and exhale.

   Sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia can commonly occur during sleep. 

   Sinus bradycardia can be a sign of a healthy heart. But it can also be a sign of a faulty electrical system. For example, older people may develop a sinus node that does not function well enough to produce electrical impulses reliably.

   Sinus bradycardia can start causing problems if the heart is not pumping blood efficiently to the rest of the body. Possible complications include fainting, heart failure, or even sudden cardiac arrest.

   The causes

    Bradycardia can be caused by:

   • Damage to heart tissue associated with aging.
   • Damage to heart tissue due to heart disease or heart attack.
   • A heart condition present at birth (congenital heart defect).
   • An infection of the heart tissue (myocarditis).
   • A complication of heart surgery.
   • An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism).
   • An imbalance of markers in the blood, such as potassium or calcium.
   • A repeated disturbance of breathing during sleep (obstructive sleep apnea).
   • An inflammatory disease, such as rheumatic fever or lupus.
   • Medicines, including some medicines for other heart rhythm disorders.
   • High blood pressure.
   • Psychosis.

   How does the heart work?

   The heart has four chambers: two upper (atria) and two lower (ventricles). A natural pacemaker (the sinus node), located in the right atrium, normally controls the heartbeat by producing electrical impulses that trigger each heartbeat.

   These electrical impulses travel through the atria, causing them to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. Then these impulses arrive at a group of cells called the atrioventricular (AV) node.

   The AV node transmits the signal to cells that transmit the signal in the left and right ventricles, which causes the ventricles to contract and pump blood. The right ventricle sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and the left ventricle sends oxygen-rich blood to the body.

   When does bradycardia occur?

   Bradycardia occurs when electrical signals slow down or are blocked. Bradycardia often begins in the sinus node.

   A slow heart rate can occur because of the sinus node:

   • discharges electrical impulses slower than normal or fails to discharge at a steady rate;
   • discharges an electrical impulse which is blocked before causing the atria to contract.

   In some people, sinus node problems cause alternating slow and fast heart rates (bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome).

   Bradycardia can also occur because the electrical signals transmitted by the atria are not transmitted to the ventricles.

   In the mildest form, all the electrical signals from the atria reach the ventricles, but the signal is slowed down.

   First degree disorder. The disorder rarely causes symptoms and usually needs no treatment if there are no other abnormalities in electrical signal conduction.

   Second degree disorder. Not all electrical signals reach the ventricles.

   Third degree disorder. None of the electrical impulses from the atria reach the ventricles. When this happens, a natural pacemaker takes over, but this results in slow and sometimes unreliable electrical impulses to control the rhythm of the ventricles.

   Risk factors

   Age. A key risk factor for bradycardia is age. Heart problems, often associated with bradycardia, are more common in older people.

   Heart disease risk factors. Bradycardia is frequently associated with damage to heart tissue. Therefore, factors that increase the risk of heart disease may also increase the risk of bradycardia.

   Lifestyle changes or medical treatment may reduce the risk of heart disease associated with the following factors: high blood pressure, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, recreational drug use, psychological stress or anxiety.

   Complications

   If bradycardia causes symptoms, possible complications may include:

   • fainting spells;
   • inability of the heart to pump enough blood (heart failure);
   • sudden cardiac arrest or sudden death.

   Prevention of bradycardia

   The most effective way to prevent bradycardia is to reduce the risk of developing heart disease by addressing risk factors: adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle by exercising regularly and following a diet healthy, low in fat, low in salt and sugar, rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, maintain a healthy weight, control maintain blood pressure and cholesterol.

   Diagnostic

   The doctor will review your symptoms, medical and family history, and perform a physical exam.

   He will also order tests to measure the patient’s heart rate, link a slow heart rate to symptoms, and identify conditions that may cause bradycardia.

   Electrocardiogram. An electrocardiogram, also called an ECG, is a primary tool for evaluating bradycardia. Using small sensors (electrodes) attached to the chest and arms, it registers electrical signals as they travel through the heart.

   Since an ECG cannot record bradycardia unless it occurs during the test, the doctor may instruct the patient to use a portable ECG at home. These devices include:

   Holter monitor. Carried in your pocket or worn on a belt or across the body, this device records your heart’s activity for 24 to 48 hours.

   The doctor will likely ask the patient to keep a diary for the 24 hours. The patient will describe any symptoms observed and note their time of onset.

   Event recorder. This device monitors heart activity for a few weeks. Simply press a button to activate it when the patient experiences symptoms so that the device records heart activity during that time.

   The doctor may use an ECG monitor while performing other tests to understand the impact of bradycardia. These tests include:

   Tilt table test. The tilt table test is used to diagnose patients who faint because of a problem with the heart rate. It involves lying down on a special table while the table is tilted back and forth. The patient may feel dizzy or lightheaded during the test.

   Stress test. The patient walks on a treadmill or rides a stationary bicycle to see if the parallel measured heart rate increases appropriately in response to physical activity.

   Laboratory tests. The doctor will order blood tests to screen for conditions that could be contributing to bradycardia, such as infection, hypothyroidism, or electrolyte imbalance.

   If sleep apnea is suspected of contributing to the bradycardia, the patient might undergo tests to monitor your sleep.

   Treatment

   The treatment for bradycardia depends on the type of electrical conduction problem, the severity of the symptoms, and the cause of your slow heartbeat. If you have no symptoms, treatment may not be necessary.

   Treat underlying disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism or obstructive sleep apnea).

   Change in medications. Several medications, some of which are used to treat other heart conditions, can cause bradycardia. Changing medications or reducing doses may correct problems with a slow heart rate.

   Pacemaker. When other treatments are not possible and symptoms require treatment, a pacemaker is needed. This battery-powered device the size of a mobile phone is implanted under the collarbone. The wires of the device are inserted into the veins and into the heart. Electrodes at the end of the wires are attached to heart tissue. The pacemaker monitors the heart rate and generates electrical impulses needed to maintain an appropriate rate.

2. Stroke: how to prevent by treating hypertension

   18 h 49 min Leave a Comment

   Be careful not to treat hypertension too intensely

   Treating hypertension too intensely would be associated with a risk of occurrence of a cardiovascular accident. If hypertension in people with heart disease is dangerous for their health, too low a pressure also increases the risk of cardiovascular accidents, according to Professor Philippe Gabriel Steg, lead author of the study.

   The optimal blood pressure in patients with hypertension is still under debate. Some argue that the weaker the better but this can lead to insufficient blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease (damage to the arteries that supply blood to the heart).

   The medical data of 22,672 patients with coronary artery disease and treated for hypertension were analyzed to verify whether there was a link between the drop in blood pressure obtained after treatment and possible mortality from myocardial infarction or stroke.

   Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded before each cardiovascular event or death that occurred in these patients.

   Results

   • Hypertension (with systolic pressure over 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure over 80 mmHg) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.
   • Conversely, a systolic blood pressure below 120 mmHg is just as dangerous since it increases the risk of death from myocardial infarction or stroke by 56%. This risk increases by 41% when diastolic blood pressure is below 70 mmHg.

   This study suggests that physicians should exercise caution when prescribing an antihypertensive drug intended to lower blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease.

   High blood pressure can be lowered with a healthy lifestyle:

   1. physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day.
   2. Moderate consumption of salt and alcohol.
   3. Follow a diet if necessary.

   Source: European Society of Cardiology, Rome, August 2016.

   Stroke: be careful not to forget to take your antihypertensive medication

   A study reveals that forgetting to take your antihypertensive drug would increase the risk of stroke by 40%.

   High blood pressure is a known risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. This new study suggests that sudden fluctuations in blood pressure can also be harmful to the brain. Indeed, forgetting to take your tablets daily considerably increases the variations in blood pressure and therefore the risk of stroke and heart attack.

   “Blood pressure fluctuates depending on various factors such as stress and taking medication in particular. While it is difficult to control certain factors, hypertensive patients can nevertheless take care to take their tablets regularly, ”says the principal researcher of the study published in the journal Hypertension.

   Lowering ‘normal’ blood pressure in at-risk subjects reduces risk of stroke and heart attack

   Treating people at risk of having a heart attack or stroke (CVA) with antihypertensives could be beneficial, even if they have a normal systolic blood pressure (ie less than 130 mmHg). These people at risk suffer from certain pathologies such as kidney disease, diabetes and a heart history…

   According to the results of the study involving 600,000 people, each 10 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure reduces the risk of heart attacks and strokes by 20 to 25%, and of stroke.

   The authors of the study criticize the fact that the European Hypertension Society has raised the blood pressure goals to be achieved from 130/85 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg.

   According to the American Heart Association, a so-called  normal pressure is lower than 120/80, and becomes high from 140/90.

   Source: Ettehad D et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, December 2015.

   Treating normal blood pressure lowers stroke risk by 22%

   On the other hand, the risk of infarction is not reduced.

   It is considered that a preventive treatment must be implemented above 140/90 millimeters of mercury in order to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack.

   These results, published in the journal Stroke, suggest that the prescription of antihypertensives could be extended to a category of ‘healthy’ people, an idea which is not shared by part of the medical community which considers that the the same effects could be obtained with a healthy diet, physical activity, reduced salt intake, and reduced alcohol consumption.

   In addition, this drug approach is expensive: the researchers have calculated that it would take 169 people to be treated for four years and three months to prevent a single stroke.

   Stroke: watch out for hypertension

   High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke, according to a review of 19 studies involving more than 760,000 patients.

   Between a quarter and half of the individuals had a tension higher than the optimal pressure (that is to say 120/80), but lower than 140/90, threshold from which one considers a person as hypertensive.

   The results showed that subjects with a blood pressure greater than 140/90 have a greater risk (+66%) of being victims of a stroke, compared to those with normal blood pressure, regardless of the presence of other factors. (smoking, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia).

   It should be noted that those in a gray zone – that is to say with a voltage between 120/80 and 140/90 – are not spared since a quarter of individuals who have suffered a stroke were part of this gray zone (mostly those with blood pressure between 130/85 and 140/90). The main author of the study recommends for this category of individuals to modify their diet and to be more active. The prescription of antihypertensives is not yet recommended.

   Source: Prehypertension and the risk of stroke, Neurology, February 2014.

3. Multiple system atrophy

   18 h 44 min Leave a Comment

   Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive disease that causes symptoms to worsen over time. It usually starts with problems with walking and balance, followed by muscle weakness and stiffness, difficulty swallowing, and trouble speaking. Eventually, people may lose their ability to move their arms and legs, and eventually become unable to breathe on their own.

   Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that shares many symptoms with Parkinson’s disease, such as slow movements, stiff muscles, and poor balance.

   Treatment includes medication and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms, but there is no cure. The disease progresses until it causes death.

   Symptoms of multiple system atrophy

   SMA affects many parts of your body. Symptoms usually develop in adulthood, usually between the ages of 50 and 60.

   SMA is classified into two types: parkinsonian and cerebellar. The type depends on the symptoms you have at the time of diagnosis.

   Parkinsonian type

   This is the most common type of AMS. The signs and symptoms are similar to those of Parkinson’s disease, such as:

   • Rigid muscles
   • Difficulty bending arms and legs
   • Slow movement (bradykinesia)
   • Tremors (rare in SMA)
   • Posture and balance issues

   Cerebellar type

   The main signs and symptoms include problems with muscle coordination (ataxia), but others may include:

   • Impaired movement and coordination, such as an unsteady gait and loss of balance
   • Blurred, slow speech (dysarthria)
   • Visual disturbances, such as blurred or double vision and difficulty fixing your eyes on something.
   • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or chewing

   General signs and symptoms

   In addition, the main sign of multiple system atrophy is:

   • Orthostatic hypotension, a form of low blood pressure that causes dizziness, or even fainting, when rising from a sitting or lying position

   You may also have dangerously high blood pressure levels when lying down.

   Multiple system atrophy can cause other difficulties with involuntary (autonomic) bodily functions, including:

   Urinary and intestinal dysfunction

   • Constipation
   • Loss of bladder or bowel control (incontinence)

   sweating abnormalities

   • Reduced production of sweat, tears and saliva
   • Heat intolerance due to reduced sweating
   • Loss of body temperature control, resulting in cold hands or feet

   sleep disorders

   • Agitated sleep
   • Abnormal nocturnal breathing

   Sexual dysfunction

   • Inability to get or keep an erection (impotence)
   • Loss of libido

   Cardiovascular problems

   • Blood accumulates in the hands and feet and causes color changes.
   • Cold hands and feet

   Psychiatric problems

   • Difficulty controlling emotions, such as laughing or crying inappropriately

   Causes of multiple system atrophy

   There is no known cause for multiple system atrophy (MSA). Some researchers are investigating the possible involvement of an environmental toxin in the disease process, but there is no substantial evidence to support these theories.

   Multiple sclerosis causes deterioration and shrinkage (atrophy) of parts of your brain (cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem) that regulate internal body functions, digestion, and motor control.

   Under a microscope, the damaged brain tissue of people with SMA shows nerve cells (neurons) that contain an abnormal amount of a protein called alpha-synuclein. Some research suggests that this protein may be overexpressed in multiple system atrophy.

   Complications

   The progression of SMA varies, but the condition does not go into remission. As the disorder progresses, daily activities become increasingly difficult.

   Possible complications include:

   • Breathing abnormalities during sleep
   • Injuries from falls caused by poor balance or fainting
   • Progressive immobility, which can lead to secondary problems such as deterioration of the condition of your skin
   • Loss of ability to take care of oneself in daily activities
   • Paralysis of the vocal cords, which makes it difficult to speak and breathe
   • Increased difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

   People typically live about seven to ten years after several symptoms of systemic atrophy appear. However, the survival rate with multiple system atrophy varies widely. Sometimes people can live for 15 years or more with the disease. Death is often due to respiratory problems.

   How to Diagnose Multiple System Atrophy

   Diagnosing multiple system atrophy can be difficult. Some signs and symptoms of SMA – such as muscle rigidity and unsteady gait – also occur with other disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, making diagnosis more difficult. Physical examination, along with various tests and imaging exams, can help your doctor determine if the diagnosis of AMS is likely or possible.

   As a result, some people are never correctly diagnosed. However, doctors are becoming more aware of the condition and are more likely to use physical examination and self-testing to determine if MSA is the most likely cause of your symptoms.

   If your doctor suspects multiple system atrophy, they’ll take a medical history, perform a physical exam, and possibly order blood tests. Brain scans, such as an MRI, can show signs that may suggest SMA and also help determine if there are other causes that may be contributing to your symptoms.

   You may receive a referral to a neurologist or other specialist for specific evaluations that can help make the diagnosis.

   Tilt table test

   This test can help determine if you have a blood pressure control problem. In this procedure, you are placed on a motorized table and strapped in place. Then the table is tilted upwards so that your body is positioned at a 70 degree angle.

   During the test, your blood pressure and heart rate are monitored. The results can assess both the extent of blood pressure irregularities and whether these occur during a change in physical position.

   Tests to assess autonomic functions

   Doctors may order other tests to assess your body’s involuntary functions, including:

   • Blood pressure measurement, lying down and standing up
   • A test to assess perspiration
   • Tests to assess your bladder and bowel function
   • Electrocardiogram to track your heart’s electrical signals

   If you have trouble sleeping, especially interrupted breathing or snoring, your doctor may recommend an evaluation at a sleep lab. This can help diagnose an underlying, treatable sleep disorder, such as sleep apnea.

4. Atherosclerosis

   10 h 22 min Leave a Comment

   Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis that occurs when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body become thick and stiff, sometimes restricting blood flow to your organs and tissues.

   Healthy arteries are flexible and springy, but over time the walls of your arteries can harden.

   Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis, but the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Atherosclerosis refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the walls of your arteries (atherosclerotic plaques), which can restrict blood flow.

   The plaque can burst, triggering a blood clot. Although atherosclerosis is often thought of as a heart problem, it can affect arteries anywhere in your body. Atherosclerosis can be prevented and can be treated.

   Atherosclerosis develops gradually. Mild atherosclerosis usually has no symptoms until an artery becomes so narrowed or blocked.

   Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow or even breaks and can trigger a heart attack or stroke.

   Symptoms of moderate to severe atherosclerosis depend on the arteries affected. For instance:

   • If you have atherosclerosis in the heart arteries ,  you may experience symptoms such as chest pain or pressure (angina).
   • If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your brain, you may experience signs and symptoms such as sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, difficulty speaking or slurring, temporary loss of vision in one eye or facial muscles. These reflect a transient ischemic attack (TIA) which, if left untreated, can progress to a stroke.
   • If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries of your arms and legs, you may have symptoms of peripheral arterial disease, such as leg pain when walking (claudication).
   • If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your kidneys, you are developing high blood pressure or kidney failure.

   The causes of atherosclerosis

   Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that can begin in childhood. Although the exact cause is unknown, atherosclerosis can begin with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. Damage can be caused by:

   • High blood pressure
   • High cholesterol
   • High triglycerides
   • Smoking
   • Insulin resistance, obesity, or diabetes
   • Inflammation caused by conditions such as arthritis, lupus, or infections, or inflammation of unknown cause

   Once the inner lining of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances often clump together at the site of injury and accumulate in the inner lining of the artery.

   Over time, fatty deposits (plaque) made up of cholesterol and other cellular products also build up at the site of injury and harden, narrowing your arteries. The organs and tissues connected to the blocked arteries then do not receive enough blood to function properly.

   Eventually, pieces of fatty deposits can break off and enter your bloodstream.

   Additionally, the smooth plaque wall can rupture, spilling cholesterol and other substances into your bloodstream. This can cause a blood clot, which can block blood flow to a specific part of your body, such as when blocked blood flow to your heart causes a heart attack. 

   A blood clot can also travel to other parts of your body, blocking the flow to another organ (eg the brain).

   Risk factors

   Hardening of the arteries occurs over time. Besides aging, factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include:

   • High blood pressure
   • High cholesterol
   • Diabetes
   • Obesity
   • Smoking and other tobacco use
   • A family history of early heart disease
   • lack of exercise
   • An unhealthy diet

   Complications of atherosclerosis

   Depending on which arteries are blocked, the complications of atherosclerosis can vary. For instance :

   • Coronary artery disease. When atherosclerosis restricts the flow of blood through the arteries leading to your heart, you can develop coronary artery disease, which can lead to chest pain (angina), a heart attack, or heart failure.
   • Carotid artery disease. When atherosclerosis narrows the arteries near your brain, you can develop carotid artery disease, which can cause transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.
   • Peripheral artery disease. When atherosclerosis affects the arteries in your arms or legs, you may develop circulation problems in your arms and legs called peripheral arterial disease. This can make you less sensitive to heat and cold, increasing your risk of burns or frostbite. Rarely, poor circulation in your arms or legs can lead to tissue death (gangrene).
   • Aneurysms. Atherosclerosis can also cause aneurysms, a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur anywhere in your body. An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of your artery.

   Most people with aneurysms have no symptoms. Pain and throbbing in the area of ​​an aneurysm may occur and is a medical emergency.

   If an aneurysm bursts, you can face life-threatening internal bleeding. Although usually a sudden and catastrophic event, a slow leak is possible. If a blood clot in an aneurysm becomes dislodged, it can block an artery in a distant location.

   • Chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis can cause the arteries leading to your kidneys to narrow, preventing oxygenated blood from reaching them. Over time, this can affect your kidney function, preventing toxins from leaving your body.

   Prevention of atherosclerosis

   Recommended healthy lifestyle changes are:

   • Stop smoking
   • Eat healthy foods
   • Exercise regularly
   • Maintain a healthy weight

   Diagnostic

   During a physical exam, your doctor may find warning signs:

   • A weak or absent pulse under the affected area of ​​your artery
   • Decreased blood pressure in an affected limb
   • Noises in your arteries, indicated by a stethoscope

   Based on the results of the physical exam, your doctor may suggest one or more diagnostic tests, including:

   • Blood tests. Laboratory tests can detect an increase in cholesterol and blood sugar levels which can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. You will need to go without food or drink anything other than water for nine to 12 hours before your blood test.
   • Doppler ultrasound. Your doctor may use a special ultrasound machine (Doppler ultrasound) to measure your blood pressure at different points along your arm or leg. These measurements can help your doctor assess the degree of any blockage, as well as the speed of blood flow through your arteries.
   • Ankle-brachial index. This test can determine if you have atherosclerosis in the arteries of the legs and feet.

   Your doctor may compare the blood pressure in your ankle to the blood pressure in your arm. An abnormal difference may indicate peripheral vascular disease, which is usually caused by atherosclerosis.

   • Electrocardiogram (ECG). An electrocardiogram records electrical signals as they pass through your heart. An ECG can often reveal evidence of a previous heart attack. If your signs and symptoms occur most often during exercise, your doctor may ask you to walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bicycle during an ECG.
   • Stress test. It is used to collect information about how your heart is working during physical activity.

   Since exercise causes your heart to pump harder and faster than during most daily activities, a stress test can reveal problems in your heart that might not otherwise be noticeable.

   A stress test usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while your heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored.

   • Cardiac catheterization and angiography. This test can show if your coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked.

   A liquid dye is injected into the arteries of your heart through a long, thin tube (catheter) which is fed through an artery, usually in your leg, to the arteries of your heart. As the dye fills your arteries, the arteries become visible on the x-ray, revealing areas of blockage.

   • Other imaging tests. Your doctor may use an ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to study your arteries. These tests can often detect hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms and calcium deposits in the walls of the arteries.

   Treatment

   Lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating and exercise, are often the most appropriate treatment for atherosclerosis. Sometimes medications or surgery may also be recommended.

   Medications

   Various medications can slow – or even reverse – the effects of atherosclerosis. Here are some types of media:

   • Cholesterol medications. Significantly lowering your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the “bad” cholesterol, can slow, stop, or even reverse the buildup of fatty deposits in your arteries. Raising your high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol, can also help.

   Your doctor can choose from a range of cholesterol medications, including drugs called statins. In addition to lowering cholesterol, statins have additional effects that help prevent atherosclerosis.

   • Anti-platelet drugs. Your doctor may prescribe anti-platelet medications, such as aspirin, to reduce the likelihood of platelets clumping together in narrowed arteries, forming a blood clot and causing further blockage.
   • Beta-blocker drugs. These drugs are commonly used for coronary heart disease. They lower your heart rate and blood pressure, reduce the demand on your heart, and often relieve symptoms of chest pain. Beta-blockers reduce the risk of heart attack and certain heart rhythm problems.
   • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. These drugs can help slow the progression of atherosclerosis by lowering blood pressure and producing other beneficial effects on the heart arteries. ACE inhibitors may also reduce the risk of recurrent heart attacks.
   • Calcium channel blockers. These drugs lower blood pressure and are sometimes used to treat angina.
   • Diuretics. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Diuretics lower blood pressure.
   • Other drugs. Your doctor may suggest certain medications to control specific risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as diabetes. Sometimes specific drugs to treat the symptoms of atherosclerosis, such as leg pain during exercise, are prescribed.

   Surgical interventions

   Sometimes more aggressive treatment is needed to treat atherosclerosis. If you have severe symptoms or a blockage that threatens the survival of muscle or skin tissue, you may undergo one of the following surgeries:

   • Angioplasty and stent placement. In this procedure, your doctor inserts a long, thin tube (catheter) into the blocked or narrowed part of your artery. A second catheter with a deflated balloon on its end is then passed through the catheter to the narrowed area.

   The balloon is then inflated, pressing the deposits against the walls of your arteries. A mesh tube (stent) is usually left in the artery to help keep the artery open.

   • Endarterectomy. In some cases, fatty deposits must be surgically removed from the walls of a narrowed artery. When the procedure is performed on the arteries in the neck (the carotid arteries), it is called a carotid endarterectomy.
   • Fibrinolytic therapy. If you have an artery blocked by a blood clot, your doctor may use a clot-dissolving medicine to separate it.
   • Bypass surgery. Your doctor can create a graft bypass using a vessel from another part of your body or a synthetic fabric tube. This allows blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed artery.

   Home remedies and lifestyle

   Lifestyle changes can help you prevent or slow the progression of atherosclerosis.

   • Stop smoking. Smoking damages your arteries. If you smoke or use tobacco in any form, quitting smoking is the best way to stop the progression of atherosclerosis and reduce your risk of complications.
   • Exercise most days of the week. Regular exercise can condition your muscles to use oxygen more efficiently.

   Physical activity can also improve circulation and promote the development of new blood vessels that form a natural bypass around blockages (collateral vessels). Exercise helps lower blood pressure and reduces your risk of diabetes.

   Aim to exercise for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. If you can’t fit it all into one session, try breaking it up into 10-minute intervals.

   You can take the stairs instead of the elevator, walk around the block during your lunch hour, or do sit-ups or push-ups while watching TV.

   • Eat healthy foods. A heart-healthy diet based on fruits, vegetables and whole grains – and low in refined carbohydrates, sugars, saturated fats and sodium – can help you control your weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. blood sugar.

   Control the amount of salt and fat and use monounsaturated fats, such as olive oil, and reduce or eliminate sugar and sugar substitutes.

   • Lose extra pounds and maintain a healthy weight. If you are overweight, losing as little as 2 to 5 kilograms can help reduce your risk of high blood pressure and high cholesterol, two of the main risk factors for developing atherosclerosis.

   Weight loss helps reduce your risk of diabetes or control your condition if you already have diabetes.

   • To manage stress. Reduce stress as much as possible. Practice healthy techniques for managing stress, such as muscle relaxation and deep breathing.

   Alternative medicine

   It is believed that certain herbal foods and supplements can help lower your high cholesterol and high blood pressure, two major risk factors for developing atherosclerosis. With your doctor’s approval, you might consider these supplements and products:

   • Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
   • Barley
   • Beta-sitosterol (found in oral supplements and some margarines)
   • Black tea or green tea
   • Calcium
   • Cocoa
   • Cod liver oil
   • Coenzyme Q10
   • fish oil
   • Folic acid
   • Garlic
   • Oat bran (found in oatmeal and whole oats)
   • Vitamin C

   Before adding any of these supplements to your treatment for atherosclerosis, please speak with your doctor. Some supplements can interact with medication, causing harmful side effects.

5. Conseils pour rester en bonne santé en voyageant

   8 décembre 2022 14 h 18 min Leave a Comment

   Voyager peut être amusant et excitant, mais aussi stressant et difficile. Lorsque vous êtes loin de chez vous, il est important de rester en bonne santé en prenant des mesures pour préparer votre voyage et en étant conscient de tout problème de santé potentiel pendant votre voyage. Voici quelques conseils pour rester en bonne santé en voyage :

   Dormez suffisamment

   Le sommeil est l’une des choses les plus importantes pour que votre corps se répare. Il est également crucial pour vous aider à vous sentir bien et à être productif pendant la journée. Le manque de sommeil peut rendre la concentration plus difficile, affecter l’humeur et l’irritabilité, provoquer des oublis, des somnolences au travail ou au volant, accroître le stress et augmenter le risque d’obésité, car le manque de sommeil rend plus difficile le contrôle des fringales.

   La quantité de sommeil nécessaire dépend de l’âge de l’individu : les nouveau-nés ont besoin d’environ 16 heures par jour ; les adolescents de 13 à 17 ans ont besoin de 8 à 10 heures de sommeil par jour, de même que les adultes à partir de 18 ans qui devraient dormir 7 à 8 heures par nuit.  Par conséquent, il est vivement recommandé de vous reposer lors vos déplacements, quitte à louer un hébergement pour la nuit afin de limiter les risques d’accident. Vous pouvez facilement trouver des appartements à louer à Montréal à $500 pour quelques jours. En plus, votre location vous permettra aussi de découvrir un nouveau lieu !

   

   Anatolii Igolkin, Canva.com

   Préparez du désinfectant pour les mains

   Vous serez peut-être surpris d’apprendre que le désinfectant pour les mains ne sert pas seulement à prévenir la propagation des germes, mais qu’il peut aussi être utilisé pour se nettoyer les mains avant de manger ou après être allé aux toilettes. Le désinfectant pour les mains est également utile pour nettoyer les surfaces (y compris les mains des autres !), les articles personnels comme les téléphones et les appareils photo, et même comme solution rapide pour les petites coupures et les éraflures.

   Apportez vos aliments préférés

   Apportez vos aliments préférés. La nourriture est un excellent moyen de se réconforter, et parfois ce dont vous avez envie n’est pas disponible ou facile à trouver dans un autre pays. Si vous avez des besoins alimentaires particuliers (végétaliens, sans gluten, etc.), préparez des en-cas spécifiques à ces besoins et emportez-les avec vous ainsi vous aurez tout ce qu’il faut. Après avoir récupéré les clefs de votre location, vous n’aurez pas à courir les magasins pour trouver de la nourriture !

   Évitez le stress

   Le stress est un élément normal de la vie, mais il peut conduire à l’anxiété et à la dépression s’il n’est pas géré. La réduction du stress peut être obtenue par l’exercice, la méditation, le yoga ou d’autres techniques de relaxation.

   Étirez-vous régulièrement

   S’étirer régulièrement permet d’éviter les blessures en voyage. Les étirements peuvent également vous aider à mieux dormir, ce qui vous permettra d’être plus détendu et plus énergique pendant la journée. L’exercice est également un excellent moyen de déstresser après un long vol ou une autre aventure, ce qui est important pour maintenir votre système immunitaire en bonne santé. Enfin, l’exercice améliore la circulation sanguine dans tout le corps, y compris dans tous les endroits où les microbes aiment se cacher pendant les voyages en avion !

   Transportez vos médicaments dans leur emballage d’origine

   Apportez une copie de votre ordonnance et de votre carte d’assurance pour montrer que vous êtes couvert pour le médicament. Si vous avez des doutes sur la possibilité de voyager avec vos médicaments, parlez-en à votre médecin et voyez s’il n’y a pas une alternative qui pourrait être prise en toute sécurité pendant le voyage. Pour éviter toute confusion avec les services de sécurité de l’aéroport, écrivez : « Pour usage médical seulement » sur le contenant ou le sac original, ainsi que sur toute copie d’ordonnance.

   Il est toujours préférable d’apporter tous les médicaments dans leur contenant et leur emballage d’origine afin qu’ils puissent être clairement identifiés par vous-même et par d’autres personnes aux points de contrôle de la TSA ou aux postes frontaliers (surtout lors de vols internationaux). Si c’est impossible en raison de restrictions de taille, assurez-vous que les récipients ou bouteilles utilisés portent explicitement la mention « À usage médical uniquement ».

   

   dorian2013, Canva.com

   Ne buvez pas l’eau du robinet

   Il est également important de noter que dans certaines régions du monde, même l’eau en bouteille peut ne pas être sûre à utiliser. Cela est souvent dû au fait que l’eau du robinet a été contaminée par des bactéries et d’autres microorganismes suite à une manipulation ou d’un stockage inappropriés avant de vous parvenir. Lorsque vous achetez de l’eau en bouteille dans ces situations, assurez-vous que la bouteille est scellée et qu’elle est fraîche (vérifiez la date d’expiration). Si vous doutez de l’innocuité de votre bouteille, ne la buvez pas ! La même règle s’applique au brossage des dents : ne vous brossez pas les dents avec l’eau du robinet si vous n’êtes pas sûr de son innocuité – ou mieux encore : ne vous brossez pas les dents du tout !

   Un mode de vie sain est toujours une priorité, mais c’est particulièrement important lorsque vous voyagez. Il peut être tentant de se laisser aller à la paresse et de ne pas faire d’exercice ou de continuer à manger de la malbouffe pendant les vacances. Cependant, si vous voulez rester en bonne santé durant votre voyage, il est important que vous preniez soin de vous en faisant régulièrement de l’exercice et en mangeant bien avant de quitter la maison. Ainsi, lorsque l’occasion se présentera (ou que vous frapperez à votre porte), vous serez prêt !

6. Friedreich’s Ataxia

   7 décembre 2022 20 h 23 min Leave a Comment

   Friedreich’s Ataxia is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s ability to produce energy. It usually begins between ages 2 and 5 and gradually worsens over time. The disease causes loss of balance, muscle weakness, slurred speech, and difficulty walking. There is no cure for Friedreich’ s Ataxia, but there are treatments that help manage symptoms.

   Friedreich’s ataxia is a rare inherited condition that causes progressive damage to the nervous system and movement problems. 

   Friedreich’s ataxia is named after German physician Nikolaus Friedreich, who described it in the 1860s.

   It frequently begins in childhood and results in impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) that worsens over time. 

   Friedreich’s ataxia is characterized by the degeneration of nerve fibers in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, which results in the thinning of these nerves. 

   Peripheral nerves carry information from the brain to the body and from the body to the brain. For example, a message indicating that the feet are cold or a signal to the muscles to start a movement. 

   The cerebellum, part of the brain that coordinates balance and movement, also degenerates to a lesser extent. 

   This damage results in uncomfortable and unsteady movements and impaired sensory functions. 

   The disorder also causes heart and spinal problems in a third of those affected, and some people with the condition will also develop diabetes. 

   The disorder does not alter thinking and reasoning abilities (cognitive functions).

   Cause of Friedreich’s Ataxia

   Friedrich ataxia is caused by a defect in a gene called FXN, which causes the production of a protein called frataxin. 

   People who inherit two defective copies of the gene, one from each parent, will develop the disease. 

   A person must therefore inherit two copies of the defective FXN gene to develop the disease. 

   A person who inherits only one mutated copy of the gene is called a carrier. He will not develop the disease, but could transmit the mutation to his children. 

   Almost all people with FA (98%) have two copies of this mutant form of  FXN, but it is not found in all cases of the disease. About two percent of those affected have other defects in the  FXN gene  responsible for the disease.

   Although rare, Friedreich’s ataxia is the most common form of inherited ataxia, affecting approximately 1 in 50,000 people. Both male and female children are able to inherit the condition.

   The rate of progression varies from person to person. Generally, within 10 to 20 years of the onset of the first symptoms, the person is confined to a wheelchair. 

   Individuals can become completely dependent in severe stages of the disease. 

   Friedreich’s ataxia can shorten life expectancy, and heart disease is the most common cause of death. However, some people with less severe features of the disease survive past the age of 60.

   The signs and symptoms

   Symptoms usually begin between ages 5 and 15, although they sometimes appear in adulthood. 

   About 15 percent of cases of Friedreich’s ataxia appear after the age of 25.

   The first neurological symptom to appear is usually difficulty walking and poor balance (walking ataxia). This may be described as feeling dizzy or even drunk. 

   Another early sign of the disease is slowness and slurred speech (dysarthria). 

   Over time, speech becomes hesitant and jerky (often referred to as « speech sweeping »). 

   Difficulty coordinating movements (ataxia) can affect all muscles. It gradually worsens and spreads to the arms and trunk (torso) 

   As muscle weakness progresses, most affected individuals develop increased muscle tone (spasticity). 

   Up to two-thirds of people with Friedreich’s ataxia also develop scoliosis (a curvature of the spine to one side) which often requires surgery. 

   Most affected people also develop difficulty swallowing, due to difficulty coordinating the muscles of the tongue and throat.

   In addition to movement disorders, there is often a loss of sensation in the arms and legs, which can spread to other parts of the body. 

   Other signs include loss of normal reflexes, especially in the knees and ankles, and muscle weakness. 

   Many people with advanced stages of Friedreich’s Ataxia also develop hearing and vision loss.

   Other symptoms that may occur include heart palpitations and shortness of breath. These symptoms are the result of various forms of heart disease that often accompany Friedreich’s ataxia, such as enlargement of the heart (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), formation of fibrous material in the muscles of the heart (myocardial fibrosis), and heart failure. cardiac. 

   Heart rhythm abnormalities such as rapid heart rate (tachycardia) and impaired conduction of cardiac nerve impulses in the heart are also common.

   About 50% of people with the disease develop carbohydrate intolerance and 30% develop diabetes. 

   Most people with the disease tire very easily and find that they need more rest. They take longer to recover from common illnesses such as colds and flu.

   Diagnosis of Friedreich’s Ataxia

   A diagnosis of Friedreich’s ataxia requires a careful clinical examination, which includes a medical history and a thorough physical examination, particularly looking for balance difficulties, loss of joint sensation (proprioception), absence of reflexes and signs of neurological problems. 

   Genetic testing now provides a conclusive diagnosis. 

   Other tests that can aid in the diagnosis or management of the disorder include:

   • electromyogram (EMG), which measures the electrical activity of muscle cells,
   • nerve conduction studies, which measure the rate at which nerves transmit impulses
   • electrocardiogram (ECG), which assesses the heart’s electrical activity or heart rhythm,
   • echocardiogram, which records the position and movement of the heart muscle,
   • blood tests to check glucose levels and,
   • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) which provide images of the brain and spinal cord that are helpful in ruling out other neurological diseases.

   How is the protein frataxin affected?

   The cell with the  FXN gene  provides instructions to produce a protein called frataxin.

   If the FXN gene   is faulty, the amount of frataxin produced by the cell is reduced dramatically, causing disease. 

   Frataxin is found in the cell’s energy-producing organelles called mitochondria. Research suggests that without a normal level of frataxin, certain cells in the body (particularly cells in the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain, and heart muscle) produce energy less efficiently and have been hypothesized to an excessive accumulation of free radicals leading to what is known as ‘oxidative stress’, destroying cells.

   Can Friedreich’s Ataxia be cured or treated?

   As with many degenerative diseases of the nervous system, there is currently no effective cure or treatment for Friedreich’s Ataxia. 

   However, many of the symptoms and accompanying complications can be treated to help individuals maintain optimal functioning for as long as possible. 

   A multidisciplinary team approach is essential to the treatment of the individual with Friedreich’s Ataxia. 

   Doctors can prescribe treatments for diabetes, if any; some heart problems can also be treated with medication. 

   Orthopedic problems such as foot deformities and scoliosis can be corrected with braces or surgery. 

   Physiotherapy can prolong the use of arms and legs. Swallowing and speech problems should be monitored closely. 

   Hearing impairment can be helped with hearing aids.

7. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia 

   20 h 17 min Leave a Comment

   Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia represents a group of heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

   The term « autosomal dominant » refers to a genetic condition where a person inherits two copies of a gene mutation from each parent. This causes the disease to run in families. In most cases, the symptoms appear early in life and worsen over time.

   Nearly twenty mutated genes have already been identified.

   It typically causes a deterioration of the nervous system, especially the neurons of the cerebellum.

   The cerebellum is part of the brain located behind the skull. It is responsible for coordination and balance. It controls movement and posture.

   Because MRI is able to detect lesions that are the primary cause of ataxia, it is used to assess patients. CT scans   can also be used to visualize neuronal deterioration.

   Degeneration occurs at the cellular level and results in cell death most of the time

   Cell death or dysfunction in the central nervous system causes a lack of communication between the central nervous system and target muscles in the body.

   Symptoms of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia usually appear in adulthood and include:

   • loss of movement coordination caused by damage to the brain, basal ganglia, medulla, and certain cranial nerves;
   • a disturbance in the direction and amplitude of voluntary movements;
   • speech disturbance;
   • disruption of muscle contractions needed for balance and walking;
   • episodes of altered consciousness.

   The diagnosis of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia is made from the patient’s clinical history, previous health examinations, ongoing physical examination to detect any physical abnormalities, genetic screening of the patient’s genes, and study of the family genealogy. 

8. Arthropathy

   20 h 12 min Leave a Comment

   Arthritis is a general term used to describe inflammation of the joints. It affects all joints, but most commonly occurs in the hands, feet, knees, hips, spine, and shoulders. 

   The exact cause of arthritis is unknown, but there are many risk factors that may increase your chance of developing it. These include age, family history, obesity, smoking, certain medications, and genetics.

   The term comes from the Greek word “arthron” which means “articulation” and from the Greek word “pathos” which means “suffering”.

   The different forms of arthritis

   A joint is a place where two bones touch. The main form of joint disease is arthritis, which is joint inflammation.

   There are different forms of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is another example of an immune disorder in which the body’s defense system attacks its tissues, causing inflammation in the bone joints. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that is aggravated by physical stress (eg, aging and wear and tear).

   Microcrystalline arthropathy

   It is a form of crystal deposition within the joint, causing symptoms such as joint pain. These crystals are:

   • sodium urate crystals responsible for gout;
   • calcium crystals.

   Diabetic arthropathy

   In diabetic arthropathy, joint disease is caused by the effects of diabetes mellitus. When someone has diabetes mellitus, the body is unable to use insulin effectively, which quickly takes glucose from the blood into cells for energy and into fat and liver cells for storage.

   Enteropathic arthropathy

   Enteropathic arthropathy is a joint disease caused by colitis and related conditions. Colitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the colon, which is a part of the large intestine.

   Jaccoud’s arthropathy

   Jaccoud’s arthropathy is a pathology characterized by a deviation of the second to fifth finger with metacarpophalangeal joint subluxation.
   This subluxation and deviation at the metacarpophalangeal joint level can be corrected or reduced by physical manipulation.

   Facet arthropathy

   Facet arthropathy is a degenerative arthritis that affects the facet joints of the spine. Arthritis in the facet joints can develop from:
   • Wear that reduces the space between the vertebrae causing the facet joints to rub together
   • A back injury
   • Fractures
   • Torn ligaments
   • Disc problems
   Because stress impact from these circumstances affects the facet joints, bone spurs may develop and cartilage may deteriorate.
   Besides injury, facet arthropathy is a condition of aging. Its main cause is spinal degeneration which usually occurs later in life.
   Pain is the primary symptom associated with facet arthropathy. The pain is usually worse in the afternoon and evening and upon waking in the morning.
   Low back pain is the most common complaint, but it usually does not radiate down the legs or buttocks unless spinal stenosis is also involved.

   Charcot’s arthropathy

   Charcot’s arthropathy is a progressive condition of the musculoskeletal system that is characterized by joint dislocations, pathological fractures, and debilitating symptoms.

   Syphilis was considered the most common cause of Charcot’s arthropathy until 1936, when Jordan linked it to diabetes. Diabetes is now considered the most common etiology of Charcot’s arthropathy.

   Charcot’s arthropathy causes progressive destruction of bone and soft tissue in the weight-bearing joints; in its most severe form, it can cause significant disruption of bone architecture.

   Charcot arthropathy can occur at any joint; however, it most commonly occurs in the lower extremity, in the foot and ankle

9. Is Risk-Free Gambling Really Possible? Helpful Tips from Experienced Players

   14 h 40 min Leave a Comment

   Users often feel tempted to spin the reel in bright slots when they see attractive ads for online gaming clubs. Gambling is now more accessible, so barely anyone can choose a suitable casino and try their luck. However, the possibility of losing cash is exactly the factor that stops many people from such entertainment.

   And we hasten to dispel all the myths! Online gambling doesn’t imply investing a fortune to start playing. Many operators allow their visitors to enjoy real money gaming for as little as $5-$10. In addition, there is always the opportunity to get a fancy casino bonus. But let’s talk about everything in order, so catch several tips on how to reduce risks and play more with minimal deposits and maximum pleasure.

   And we hasten to dispel all the myths! Online gambling doesn’t imply investing a fortune to start playing. Many operators allow their visitors to enjoy real money gaming for as little as $5-$10. In addition, there is always the opportunity to get a fancy casino bonus. But let’s talk about everything in order, so catch several tips on how to reduce risks and play more with minimal deposits and maximum pleasure.

   

   Demo Mode Eliminates Any Possible Risks

   Most platforms allow their members to try slot machines and games for free, so you don’t have to invest cash immediately. The demo mode keeps all the features of the chosen gaming solution, so many players use this opportunity to get more experience and select the most exciting slots.

   It’s worth noting that the demo mode doesn’t provide the opportunity of winning cash prizes or claiming bonuses, so you won’t be able to profit in this case. On the other hand, it’s an absolutely risk-free way to try the gambling club. Keep in mind that the selection of games and slots may be slightly limited if you choose the free mode (for instance, live dealers are unavailable). But you can anyway pick something exciting and have fun without worrying about losing self-control. 

   Don’t Miss Any No Deposit Promos

   Online casinos face insane competition and will do barely everything to win a potential client over to your side. And a no-deposit bonus is one of the most effective ways since everyone loves getting something for free! This kind of reward is rare, but some gambling platforms still offer it to customers. It usually implies free spins or credits for trying the most exciting games without depositing a cent.

   You can win some cash in such an instance, but there’s one possible pitfall. Most casinos provide strict wagering requirements for their promotions, and a no-deposit reward is usually no exception. So, it’s critical to familiarize yourself with the conditions of the bonus usage so that everything goes smoothly.

   Of course, the free bonus is not the only way to save some money and gamble more. You can take advantage of other promotions at the chosen casino online: for example, even a minimum deposit can provide you with free spins and additional multiplications. Search for the best conditions or even become a member of multiple platforms to get maximum benefits. 

   

   Plan Your Time & Bankroll Properly

   Even though it might seem too banal, time and bankroll management are the main secrets of a successful gambling experience. Sticking to the two main rules will definitely be practical for all users:

   • limit your time on a gaming platform so that you won’t fall off real life
   • do not invest more than you are ready to lose

   Gambling is fun and exciting, but it’s still important not to immerse in the activity too much. Plan your budget properly and do not put too much effort into winning a jackpot. The desired victory can come at any moment, but you should better focus on the pleasant emotions you get when playing your favorite slot machines.

10. Psoriatic arthritis

    6 décembre 2022 20 h 49 min Leave a Comment

    Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects joints and connective tissue. It occurs when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body. This causes inflammation and swelling in your joints. The condition usually starts around age 40 and may last for many years.

    Psoriatic arthritis is a type of arthritis that is especially likely to affect people with psoriasis. People with psoriatic arthritis experience joint pain and chronic inflammation. This disease can also cause more or less serious complications.

    While most people who develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA) already have psoriasis, it is possible to develop it without having psoriasis first. Psoriasis is a skin condition caused by an autoimmune reaction.

    A 2015 analysis found that estimates of its prevalence among people with psoriasis ranged from 6% to 41%, depending on the definition used by the expert.

    Possible Complications of Psoriatic Arthritis

    Diabetes

    Results from a 2018 rheumatology study suggest PA increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.

    The researchers compared people with psoriasis with people with PA and with the general population.

    The risk of type 2 diabetes in people with PA was about 40% higher than in the general population and more than 50% higher than in people with psoriasis.

    Eye problems

    According to the Arthritis Foundation, between 7% and 25% of people with AP will develop uveitis, which is inflammation of the uvea – the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera. Uveitis is painful and can also threaten a person’s sight. AP can also affect the skin around the eyes.

    Steroids can help reduce inflammation and protect eyesight, but they also have side effects. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of this treatment with a doctor.

    Some people also develop eye infections, such as conjunctivitis.

    Cardiovascular problems

    Psoriasis can cause chronic inflammation that over time can damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and heart attack.

    People with AP have an even higher risk of heart disease than those with psoriasis alone, according to the authors of a review published in 2018 .

    A healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of heart health problems. 

    • maintain a healthy weight;
    • be physically active;
    • have a balanced and diversified diet.

    Depression

    Severe joint pain is a common symptom of PA. For some people, joint pain can affect mobility and daily task performance. It can also have a serious impact on a person’s mental health.

    Some people with chronic pain develop depression or anxiety. Pain-induced depression may be more resistant to treatment than typical depression, according to an analysis published in 2017.

    In another analysis from 2017, of 186,552 people with psoriatic arthritis, the prevalence of depression was 21.2%.

    Lung problems

    Chronic inflammation can damage the lungs, which can lead to a lung health condition called interstitial pneumonia.

    Interstitial pneumonia is a life-threatening complication of ILD. A 2018 analysis found that 2% of 392 people with psoriasis had interstitial pneumonia. However, only a fifth of the participants also had psoriatic arthritis.

    Stomach and digestion problems

    Chronic inflammation can make digestion more difficult, causing problems such as diarrhea and constipation. People with psoriatic arthritis are also more vulnerable to inflammatory bowel disease.

    A study found that people with both psoriasis and PsA had a higher risk of Crohn’s disease than those with psoriasis alone.

    Liver and kidney problems

    PA also increases the risk of kidney disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

    The risk of liver disease may be higher in people with other risk factors for liver disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome.

    Since drinking alcohol can damage the liver, a doctor may recommend cutting down on alcohol intake.

    Prevention

    Regular exercise can help fight the complications of APS.

    To prevent complications from psoriatic arthritis, people with psoriasis should consult a medical specialist.

    Psoriasis is a complicated disease. Many people with the disease notice that environmental factors, such as diet, seasonal changes, or infections, trigger symptoms. Controlling these factors can reduce the risk of psoriasis flare-ups, as well as minimize symptoms of AP.

    Comprehensive psoriasis treatment, including the use of psoriasis medications, can help. The authors of a  study indicate that targeting specific inflammatory markers may improve psoriasis outcomes, although there is no evidence that this strategy reduces the overall risk of PA.

    It is not always possible to prevent PA or its complications. For people who develop joint pain despite prevention strategies, treatment can minimize the risk of serious joint damage and other complications.

    Treatments that may be recommended are:

    • anti-inflammatory drugs;
    • corticosteroids;
    • light therapy;
    • antirheumatics.

    Certain lifestyle strategies, such as regular exercise, eating a nutritious diet, and maintaining a healthy body weight can reduce the risk of serious complications.

    People who develop complications may need to adopt additional strategies to prevent these complications from causing serious health problems.

    For example, a person with diabetes may need to follow a low glycemic index diet or use insulin to control blood sugar. A person with heart disease may need to take blood pressure medication.

    Summary

    Psoriatic arthritis is a serious autoimmune disease that causes the body’s immune system to attack healthy tissue in the joints.

    Comprehensive medical care can significantly reduce the risk of serious complications while making it easier to manage symptoms.

    Most people with psoriatic arthritis should see a rheumatologist or autoimmune disease specialist to get the best possible care.